Painful intercourse, or dyspareunia, is characterized by discomfort or pain during or after sexual intercourse. This condition can affect individuals of any gender and may arise from various underlying causes. In women, common causes include vaginal dryness, which can result from hormonal imbalances, menopause, or certain medications; infections such as yeast infections or sexually transmitted infections (STIs); and structural issues such as vaginal infections or pelvic inflammatory disease. Endometriosis, a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside it, can also cause significant pain during intercourse. For men, causes might include penile infections, inflammation, or conditions like Peyronie's disease, which involves abnormal curvature of the penis.
Treatment for painful intercourse depends on the specific cause. For issues like vaginal dryness, treatments may include lubricants, hormonal therapies, or moisturizers. Infections are typically treated with antibiotics or antifungal medications, while pelvic floor physical therapy can help address muscle-related pain. In cases of endometriosis or other structural issues, medical or surgical interventions might be necessary. Addressing psychological factors, such as stress or anxiety, through counseling or therapy can also be beneficial, as these can contribute to or exacerbate the pain. A comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare provider is essential to diagnose the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan to relieve symptoms and improve sexual comfort.
